13. although qualitative1 ivar/iiance among nerve energies was never rigidly3 disproved，the doctrine4 was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view，namely，that nerve impulses are essentially5 homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as common currency throughout the nervous system. （4） 尽管在神经能量上存在着质的不同，这一点一直都没在严格的意义上被反对过，但以上教条一般被抛弃掉，而转向相反的看法，即：神经冲动从根本上本质相同，而且被当作一种普通流在整个神经系统中传播。
难句种类：复杂修饰、双重否定
讲解：前半个分句中有一个双重否定，was never rigidly disproved,这种表示法用中文讲出还是最好懂的，缘由是大家熟知中文的这种表示法，但在英文中出现，由于在以前的学习中见得少，所以感觉上非常别扭。因此，同学们的任务，就是通过反复阅读此类句子来熟知如此的英语。其实在英文表达中，不少双重否定与中文表达是一样的，表示一定；如not unlimited就等于limited。但值得读者注意的是在gre和gmat这两种对考生的逻辑有苛刻需要的考试中，假如这种双重否定中所涉及的定义不是dichotomous，则双重否定不肯定表示一定；譬如本例中的not disprove, 不可以理解为agree， 不反对者中，的确有人会赞同，但一般心存疑虑，随大流者居多。不但这样，大双重否定中加上限定词将来，在否定的范围上也有所变化，如本句的be never rigidly disproved，没完全被反对，不可以理解为一直都被严格支持的，而应该理解成一直都可能有人支持的。综上所述，对双重否定的句子，简单的把其置换为一定，不是最精确的理解。而最好的方法，就是通过多读、多练来熟知其语言表达及其逻辑方法，根据其字面的表达理解成没完全否定，然后大脑中反应出其现在的存活状况是一个仍未消失的状况；这种理解才是在考试现场既迅速又精确的理解。
运用前面所说的用合理化原则中的取非读法，可以比较容易的读出作者在后半个分句中想说前面的那种看法被反对了。但，新手会对这个分句中的something be abandoned in favor of something else这种语言表达感到忽然，假如理解成由于喜后者而抛弃了前者，虽然也能说得通，但其实原文从来没这种因果关系，in favor of强调的是这两种动作的同时性；抛弃了前者，而转向后者，namely之后的内容是前面的opposing view的同位语。
意群练习：although qualitative ivar/iiance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generallyabandoned in favor of the oppsing view, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as common currencythrought the nervous system
14. other experiments revealed slight ivar/iiations in the size，number，arrangement，and interconnection of the nerve cells，but as far as psycho neural6 correlations7 were concerned，the obvious similarities of these sensory8 fields to each other seemed much more remarkable9 than any of the minute differences. （4 -） 尽管其他实验显示在神经细胞的大小、数目、排列和相互连接上有一些小的差异，但就心理-神经的关系而言，这类感官地区彼此之间的明显的相似性看着比起微小的差异更为让人注目。
难句种类：复杂修饰、插入语
讲解：在前后两个分句之间有一个插入语as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned。在后面的分句中，主语the obvious similarities之后的、修饰主语的成分较长、以至于有不少读者看到相隔非常远的more remarkable than时一下子反应不过来是什么比后者更明显。其简化形式应为：similarities seemed more remarkable than differences。
意群练习：other experiments revealed slight ivar/iiations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fileds to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.
15. although some experiments show that，as an object becomes familiar，its internal representation becomes more holistic10 andthe recognition process correspondingly more parallel，the weight of evidence seems to support the serial11 hypothesis，at least for objects that are not notably12 simple and familiar. （4+）
虽然某些实验表明，伴随一个物体变得熟知起来，其内心再现图像亦更具整体感，辨认过程相应地更趋于平行，但证据的砝码好像在支持序列假设（serial hypothesis），至少是对于那些不甚简单、不甚熟知的物体来讲。
难句种类：复杂修饰、插入语、省略
讲解：在although引导的分句中，谓语shows后面跟着一个长长的宾语从句，从句中先出现一个插入语as an object becomes familiar,之后的内容是由and 连接的两套并列的主谓宾。其实and前后就是两个句子，只是作者省略了后面的句子中与前面相同的引导词that和谓语become。
句子中有一个生词holistic，其实即便不认识，也可以用合理化原则猜出它是后面serial的反义词、parallel的近义词，大约是统1、完整或同时的意思；其实只须能理解到其是与serial相反的意思即可.
意群练习：although some experiments show that，as an object becomes familiar，its internalrepresentation becomes more holistic andthe recognition process correspondingly more parallel，the weight of evidenceseems to support the serial hypothesis，at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar.
16. in large part as a consequence ofthe feminist13 movement，historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately14 the status of women inivar/iious periods. （3+）
在非常大程度上，因为女权主义运动（feminist movement）的原故，史学家近年来汇聚了很多的注意力，来更为准确地确定妇女在每个历史时期的地位。 focus a on b
